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María Teresa Ferrari (11 October 1887 – 30 October 1956) was an Argentine educator, medical doctor, and women's rights activist. She was the first female university professor in Latin America and one of the first women allowed to teach medicine. She was a pioneering researcher in women's health, studying the use of radiation therapy rather than surgery for uterine tumors and developing a vaginoscope which revolutionized women's health care in Brazil. She established the first maternity ward and gynecological services at the Hospital Militar Central of Buenos Aires in 1925, which provided the first incubation services in the country. Born into a wealthy family, whose forebears had been involved in ensuring Argentina's independence from Spain, she was not expected to work outside the home. Yet Ferrari not only chose to have a career, she insisted on participating in the male-dominated medical profession. She first earned a teaching diploma and became a school teacher, then graduated in medicine in 1911. After completing her residency, she applied to teach at the university level, but instead was offered a teaching post at the School of Midwifery. Outraged, she fought for 13 years against the prejudices which prevented her advancing in her career. In 1927, Ferrari won her fight and was granted a professorship as an alternate. Finally in 1939, she was awarded a full professorship. Ferrari undertook additional medical study in Europe and the United States, learning pioneering techniques that she brought back to Argentina. She studied urinary tract monitoring at the Medical Faculty of Paris, earning the first diploma ever given to a woman. She designed a vaginoscope, studied radiation therapy at the Curie Institute, and performed a Caesarean section at Columbia University. She was responsible for bringing these innovations back with her to Argentina and implementing them at the maternity and gynecological unit she established at the Military Hospital. An ardent feminist, she established the Argentina Federation of University Women in 1936, and pushed for recognition of both civil and political rights for women. When the government of Argentina took a conservative turn in the late 1930s, she was pushed out of the hospital and later, in the early 1950s, out of teaching. She died in 1956. ==Early life and education== María Teresa Ferrari Alvarado was born on 11 October 1887 in Buenos Aires, Argentina to David Ferrari White and Catalina Alvarado. Her family were among the founding citizens of Argentina: her paternal great-grandfather, Guillermo Pío White had provided money to assist the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in defeating the Spanish and her maternal great-grandfather Rudesindo Alvarado had served in the Army of the Andes.〔 Ferrari enrolled at the Normal School Nº 1 of Buenos Aires, receiving her teaching certificate in 1903. For a woman of Ferrari's social class, paid work was unusual at the time. It was understood that in cases of financial necessity poor women might nurse or teach, because both were considered charitable, but upper class women were expected to be no more than wives and mothers.〔Alvarez & Carbonetti (2008), p 139〕 Ignoring convention, she embarked on a career in medicine, but also began teaching.〔Alvarez & Carbonetti (2008), pp 140–141〕 Ferrari taught at the Colegio William Morris and the Escuela Nº 3 Bernardino Rivadavia. She had studied psychology in a cutting-edge field known as "experimental psychology" and applied it to her classes, which caused the authorities to launch an investigation into her teaching methods. She was allowed to continue teaching, as her techniques of motivating students and encouraging them to learn proved effective.〔Alvarez & Carbonetti (2008), p 142〕 In 1904, Ferrari enrolled in medical school at the National University of Buenos Aires while continuing to teach.〔 There had been five other women in the history of Argentina who had earned medical degrees, and though her enrollment was not desired, there was no legal precedent to bar her admittance.〔Alvarez & Carbonetti (2008), p 143〕 In her first year, she was assigned to work as an assistant to in his pathology research, which inspired her continued participation in medical research.〔 Ferrari graduated in 1911, and that same year, she married another graduating doctor, Nicolás M. Gaudino. In 1918 the couple had their only child, Maurio Nicholás Gaudino.〔Alvarez & Carbonetti (2008), p 138〕 Ferrari was sometimes known as María Teresa Ferrari de Gaudino or simply María Teresa de Gaudino. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「María Teresa Ferrari」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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